Prediabetes vs Diabetes - The Guide You Didn’t Know You Needed

Did you know that Metabolic disorders are a critical global health challenge currently? According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), approximately 38.4 million Americans have Diabetes, out of which about 8.5 million of them are undiagnosed. But the scarier part is that 96 million American adults between the ages of 35-55 are perdiabetic and most of them are unaware and this accounts for a staggering 38% of the adult population. 

Highlights - 

• Discover the critical differences between prediabetes and diabetes, with shocking statistics revealing that 38% of American adults are at metabolic risk.

• Learn the early warning signs, symptoms, and diagnostic criteria that can help you detect blood sugar irregularities before they become chronic health conditions.

• Uncover comprehensive prevention and management strategies that include lifestyle modifications, nutrition guidance, and targeted physical activity recommendations.

• Explore the long-term health implications of untreated metabolic disorders, from potential cardiovascular risks to nerve damage and vision complications.

• Understand the unique risk factors across different demographics, including age, ethnicity, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle influences that contribute to prediabetes and diabetes development.

• Dive into emerging research and future treatment technologies that are revolutionizing how we monitor, manage, and potentially reverse metabolic health challenges.

• Master the psychological aspects of metabolic health, including emotional management, building support systems, and maintaining a positive outlook during your health journey.

• Get expert insights into the latest diagnostic tests, including Fasting Plasma Glucose, Oral Glucose Tolerance, HbA1c, and Random Plasma Glucose screenings.

• Learn about the different types of diabetes, from autoimmune Type 1 to lifestyle-influenced Type 2 and pregnancy-related gestational diabetes.

• Gain actionable knowledge about nutrition, hydration, exercise, and stress management techniques that can significantly impact your metabolic health.

Blood sugar regulation is crucial for overall health. When glucose levels aren’t regulated or are disrupted, conditions like prediabetes and diabetes are caused. In this blog, we will walk through everything that you need to know about these interconnected metabolic conditions. 

What is Prediabetes? 

Let’s start with the precursor to diabetes first. Prediabetes is the critical working our body gives us, where your blood sugar levels are higher than normal but aren’t high enough to get classified as diabetes. It is usually in the range of 100-125 mg/dL fasting blood sugar levels and has an HbA1c reading between 5.7% and 6.4% or 140-199 mg/dL in an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. 

What is Diabetes? 

Diabetes is the result of unresolved prediabetes or insulin resistance. It is a chronic condition characterized by consistently elevated blood sugar levels that can cause significant health complications if the condition is left unmanaged. 

Types of Diabetes - 

Type 1 Diabetes - 

This is an autoimmune disease, where the pancreas produces little to no insulin it is typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. It requires lifelong insulin therapy and is not preventable. 

Type 2 Diabetes - 

This is the condition that is developed due to insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production. It is the most common form of diabetes that prevails. Type II diabetes is strongly influenced by the lifestyle factors that the person is around. It can be prevented with the right lifestyle changes and also can be delayed in case of genetic factors. You can also reverse type II diabetes in most cases if you take the right measures once diagnosed. 

Gestational Diabetes - 

It usually occurs during pregnancy when the mother isn’t able to produce enough insulin for herself and the child. It typically does resolve after birth but it does increase the risk of type 2 diabetes later in life. 

What are the symptoms and Early Warning Signs - 

Prediabetes Symptoms - 

With prediabetes, the main concern is that most of the people who are prediabetic are often asymptomatic. With that being said, there are subtle signs that one can look out for to understand if you might be prediabetic - 

• Slight weight gain 

• Increased fatigue

• Minor changes in energy levels 

Diabetic Symptoms - 

With diabetes, the signs are very prominent but most of us ignore them. Here are some of the signs that you need to look out for - 

• Frequent urination 

• Extreme thirst 

• Unexplained weight loss 

• Blurry vision 

• Slow healing of wounds 

• Persistent fatigue 

• Recurring infections 

Red Flags with Prediabetes and Diabetes 

• Being overweight or obesity 

• Living a sedentary lifestyle 

• You are over 45 

• You have a family history of diabetes 

• You have high cholesterol levels 

• You have Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS/PCOD) 

Additional Diabetes Risk Factors - 

• Ethnic background (higher risk in African American, Hispanic, and Native American Populations) 

• Have a history of gestational diabetes 

• You smoke 

• You have a poor lifestyle with poor dietary preferences. 

• And last but not least you experience chronic stress. 

How can one get diagnosed? 

You can do one of the following screening tests to  know if you are prediabetic or diabetic - 

1. Fasting Plasma Glucose test - 

It is a test that measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. A blood sample is taken after at least 8 hours of fasting to determine if blood sugar levels are within a healthy range.

1. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test  - 

This is a test to assess the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels after consuming a sugary drink. This test measures blood glucose levels before and after consuming the drink to diagnose prediabetes, diabetes, and insulin resistance. 

1. Hemoglobin A1c Test  - 

This test measures the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months by analyzing hemoglobin in red blood cells. This test provides a comprehensive picture of blood sugar control and is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes. 

1. Random Plasma Glucose Test - 

This test measures blood glucose levels at any given time to diagnose diabetes. This test is often used for people experiencing symptoms of diabetes, such as increased thirst and urination, and can provide immediate results. 

What are the Prevention and Management Strategies for Prediabetes and Diabetes? 

For Prediabetes - 

• Weight management  - 

Maintaining a healthy weight through a combination of diet and exercise can help prevent prediabetes from progressing to diabetes. Even a modest weight loss of 5-10% of body weight can make a significant difference. 

• Regular Physical Activity - 

Engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-intensity aerobic exercise, or a combination of both, can help manage prediabetes. Regular physical activity improves insulin sensitivity, which eventually reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. 

• Balanced Nutrition - 

Eating a balanced diet that is low in added sugar, saturated fats, and refined carbohydrates can help in managing prediabetes. Focus on whole, unprocessed foods like vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. 

• Stress reduction - 

One that most of us struggle with but, chronic stress can increase blood sugar levels and worsen insulin resistance, which in turn increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. Engage in stress-reducing activities like yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises to help manage prediabetes. 

• Regular Medical Check-ups - 

Regular health checkups can help identify prediabetes early, allowing you the benefit of prompt intervention and prevention of complications. Work with your healthcare provider to develop a personalized plan for managing prediabetes. 

For Diabetes- 

• Medication (oral or Insulin) - 

Medications like metformin, sulfonylureas, or insulin therapy can help you regulate blood sugar levels, and manage diabetes, Working with your healthcare provider to determine the best medication regime will be beneficial in managing your condition. 

• Blood sugar monitoring - 

Regularly monitoring blood sugar levels helps track the effectiveness of treatment plans by identifying patterns, and making informed decisions about diet, exercise, and medication. Aim to check blood sugar levels at least 3 - 4 times a day using the finger pricking method or use a CGM (Continuous Glucose Monitor). 

• Structured Meal Planning -

Having a well-planned diet will help you regulate blood sugar levels, maintain a healthy weight, and prevent complications. It would be ideal to work with a registered dietitian or certified diabetes educator to develop a personalized meal plan that works best for you. 

• Regular exercise - 

This can’t be stressed enough on but regular exercise improves insulin sensitivity, reduces blood sugar levels, and helps in maintaining a healthy weight. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-intense exercise per week. 

• Stress management - 

Chronic stress can worsen diabetes management by raising blood sugar levels and increasing inflammation. Engage in stress-reducing activities like yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises to help combat stress.

• Continuous Medical Supervision - 

Regular health check-ups with your healthcare provider can help you monitor diabetes progression, adjust your treatment plans, and prevent complications. You must schedule regular appointments to ensure optimal diabetes management. 

What are the potential risks if prediabetes or Diabetes is left untreated? 

Short Term Risks - 

• Frequent infections - 

High blood sugar levels can weaken your immune system, making it harder to fight off infections. You must practice good hygiene, get vaccinated regularly, and seek medical attention if you are experiencing recurring infections. 

• Vision Problems - 

If you have High Blood sugar levels, it can lead to damage in the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to blurred vision, double vision, or even blindness in some cases. It is best to schedule regular eye exams to monitor your vision health. 

• Nerve Damage - 

High blood sugar levels can damage your nerve endings, which can cause numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet. It is best to practice foot care, avoid smoking, and manage blood sugar levels to prevent nerve damage. 

• Skin conditions - 

High blood sugar levels can cause skin conditions like acne, fungal infections, or bacterial infections. It is recommended to practice good skin care, keep skin moisturized, and seek medical attention if skin conditions persist. 

Long Term Risks - 

• Cardiovascular Diseases - 

High blood sugar can damage blood vessels, and increase the risk of heart diseases, heart attacks, and strokes. Manage blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels to reduce cardiovascular risk. 

• Kidney Damage - 

With consistent high blood sugar levels it can damage kidney function, increasing the risk of kidney failure. You must monitor kidney function regularly, along with managing your blood pressure, and reduce protein intake to slow down kidney damage. 

• Nerve Damage (Neuropathy) - 

Prolonged high blood sugar levels can cause permanent nerve damage, leading to numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet. Practicing good foot care, avoiding smoking, and managing blood sugar levels can prevent nerve damage. 

• Increased Risk of stroke - 

Diabetes or high blood sugar can increase the risk of stroke by damaging blood vessels and increasing blood pressure. You need to manage blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels to reduce stroke risk. 

• Potential Limb Amputation - 

Untreated nerve damage and poor circulation can lead to limb amputation. We come back to practicing good foot care, avoiding smoking, and managing blood sugar levels to prevent nerve damage and amputation. 

• Vision Loss -

 If diabetic retinopathy is left untreated it can lead to permanent vision loss. You must schedule regular eye exams, manage blood sugar levels, and avoid smoking to reduce vision loss. 

What are the Lifestyle Changes one needs to adopt to reverse Prediabetes and Diabetes? 

Nutrition 

• Emphasize having whole-grain - 

Whole grains provide essential nutrients, fiber, and antioxidants that can help you regulate blood sugar levels, and improve insulin sensitivity. Include whole grains like brown rice, quinoa, whole wheat bread, and whole grain pasta in your diet. 

• Increased Vegetable Intake - 

Vegetables are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals that help manage blood sugar levels and improve overall health. Aim for at least 5 servings of colorful vegetables like leafy greens, broccoli, bell peppers, and carrots.

• Choose Lean Protein - 

Lean proteins like poultry, fish, and plant-based options help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Opt for lean protein sources and it is best to limit processed and high-sodium meats. 

• Limit Processed Foods - 

We all crave and love to have them but it is necessary to limit or in the ideal scenario avoid processed foods like surgery snacks, frozen meals, and processed meats. 

• Control Portion size - 

Controlling portion size can help regulate calorie intake, manage blood sugar levels and prevent weight gain. You can use a food scale or measuring cups to measure portion size and eat slowly to avoid overeating. 

• Stay Hydrated - 

Aim for at least 8-10 glasses of water to stay hydrated it helps regulate blood sugar levels, improves insulin sensitivity, and prevents dehydration. Also, limit sugar drinks. 

Physical Activity 

• A Mix of Cardio and Strength Training 

A combination of cardio and strength training exercises can help improve insulin sensitivity, regulate blood sugar levels, and reduce the risk of complications. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and 2-3 sessions of strength training per week. 

• Start with Moderate Exercise 

Starting can be tough so, you can consider moderate exercise that will help improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels without putting excessive strain on the body. Begin with short walks, swimming, or cycling and gradually increase intensity and duration. 

• Aim for Consistency

Consistency is key when it comes to exercise. Aim to exercise at the same time every day and incorporate a mix of cardio and strength training exercises to keep things interesting and prevent laziness.

• Consult Healthcare Providers 

You must consult a healthcare provider before starting new exercise regimens to help ensure safety and effectiveness. Discuss your exercise plan with your healthcare provider, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or concerns. 

Psychological Aspects 

• Emotional Management 

Emotional management involves recognizing and managing emotions to reduce stress and anxiety. Practice stress - reducing techniques like deep breathing, meditation, or yoga to help manage emotions. 

• Building a Support System 

Building support systems involves surrounding yourself with people who encourage and support you with people who encourage and support your prediabetes and diabetes management efforts. Join a support group, talk to friends and family, or seek professional help to build a strong support network. 

• Developing Healthy Coping Mechanisms 

Developing healthy coping mechanisms involves ways to manage stress and anxiety without relying on unhealthy behaviors. Engaging in hobbies, practicing relation techniques, or seeking professional help can help to develop healthy coping mechanisms. 

• Maintaining a Positive Outlook 

Maintaining a positive outlook involves focusing on the positive aspects of life and finding ways to stay motivated and engaged in diabetes management efforts. Practice gratitude by writing a journal or spending time reminiscing, celebrating small victories, and reminding yourself that managing prediabetes or diabetes is a journey. 

When to Seek Medical Advice? 

Persistent Unexplained Symptoms 

If you experience persistent unexplained symptoms like increased thirst, frequent urination, or blurred vision, seek medical attention. These symptoms could be indicative of diabetes or prediabetes. 

Difficulty Managing Blood Sugar 

If you’re having trouble managing blood sugar levels, seek medical attention. Your healthcare provider can help you by adjusting your treatment plan and provide additional guidance and support. 

Signs of Complications 

If you are experiencing signs of complications like numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet, seek medical attention. These signs can be indicative of nerve damage or other complications. 

Mental Health Challenges 

If you’re struggling with mental health challenges like depression, anxiety, or burnout, you must seek medical attention. Your healthcare provider can provide additional guidance, support, and resources to help you manage your mental health. 

Emerging Research and Future Treatments 

Advancements in technology have helped people with prediabetes and diabetes manage their condition better. Technology like Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) and artificial pancreas systems are being developed to provide real-time glucose data and automate insulin delivery. 

Here are some of the advancements that we can look forward to in managing diabetes and prediabetes. 

Advanced Glucose Monitoring Techniques 

Researchers are developing advanced glucose monitoring technologies like CGMs and flash glucose monitors that provide real-time glucose data and improve diabetes management. 

Personalized Treatment Approach 

Researchers are exploring personalized treatments that take into account individual characteristics like genetic profiles, medical histories, and lifestyle habits. This personalized approach aims to improve treatment outcomes and reduce complications. 

Potential Regenrative Therapies 

Some researchers are investigating the potential of regenerative therapies that aim to repair or replace damaged pancreatic cells, improving insulin production and reducing reliance on insulin therapy. 

Improved Insulin Delivery System 

It aims to deliver insulin to enhance the effectiveness and convenience of insulin therapy, allowing for more precise and personalized glucose control. These advancements include insulin pumps, smart pens, and implantable devices that can automatically adjust insulin dosing based on real-time glucose levels. 

Key Takeaway 

Understanding the nuanced difference between prediabetes and diabetes is crucial for early intervention and effective management. While prediabetes is a reversible condition, diabetes requires lifelong management. 

Disclaimer - 
Always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment plans. 

FAQs

Q: What is the difference between prediabetes and diabetes? 
A: Prediabetes is a warning stage with blood sugar levels higher than normal but not high enough to be diabetes, while diabetes is a chronic condition with consistently elevated blood sugar that requires ongoing management.

Q: Am I at risk for prediabetes or diabetes? 
A: Risk factors include being overweight, over 45 years old, having a sedentary lifestyle, family history of diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain ethnic backgrounds.

Q: Can prediabetes be reversed? 
A: Yes, prediabetes can often be reversed through lifestyle changes, including weight management, regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and stress reduction.

Q: What are the early warning signs of prediabetes? 
A: Subtle signs include slight weight gain, increased fatigue, and minor changes in energy levels. However, prediabetes is often asymptomatic, making regular screening crucial.

Q: How often should I get tested for prediabetes or diabetes? 
A: Adults over 45, or those with risk factors, should get screened annually. Those with prediabetes may need more frequent monitoring.

Q: What tests diagnose prediabetes and diabetes? 
A: Key diagnostic tests include Fasting Plasma Glucose Test, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, Hemoglobin A1c Test, and Random Plasma Glucose Test.

Q: Can type 2 diabetes be prevented?
A: Yes, type 2 diabetes can often be prevented or delayed through lifestyle modifications, maintaining a healthy weight, and regular physical activity.

Q: What are the long-term risks of untreated diabetes? 
A: Potential risks include cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, nerve damage, increased stroke risk, potential limb amputation, and vision loss.

Q: How does diet impact prediabetes and diabetes? 
A: A balanced diet low in processed foods, and rich in whole grains, vegetables, and lean proteins can help manage blood sugar levels and improve overall metabolic health.

Q: What lifestyle changes can help manage prediabetes and diabetes? 
A: Key changes include regular exercise, structured meal planning, stress management, maintaining a healthy weight, and continuous medical supervision.

Q: Are there new technologies helping manage diabetes? 
A: Emerging technologies include Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGM), advanced insulin delivery systems, and personalized treatment approaches.

Q: How does stress affect blood sugar levels? 
A: Chronic stress can increase blood sugar levels and worsen insulin resistance, making stress management crucial in metabolic health.